Revolving Light Trap — Selection & Specification¶
1. Purpose¶
Personnel access during operation is via a revolving light trap drum built into the panel. Operators can enter or exit at any time without opening the full panel or admitting daylight — for example, between coating of the photosensitive material, or while the exposure is being made.
The cargo door end of TBS-001 is sealed by a stepped hinged panel (2,362mm wide × 2,388mm tall). Its thick center zone permanently houses the Ø900mm revolving-door light lock; the thinner corner zones sit flush with the container walls. When closed, the panel is light-sealed at its perimeter by an EPDM compression gasket against a fixed welded door frame. The panel's frame, skins, thickness zones, pivot, and latches are specified in the Hinged Panel Report.
In operation the housing sits in a punch-out bay that offsets the drum clear of the film-plane rail, which stays continuous. For transport the panel and drum swing ~56° about a vertical CHS pivot post, carrying the bay inboard of the door plane so the cargo doors close (clearing the swung frame by +59mm). The two left film rails lift out first so the drum cage can cross the rail plane, then re-seat to the film datum; the housing and drum ride high enough with the panel to pass over the processing-tray rim and walkway brackets. Mode conversion is single-person and assisted (~5 minutes). See Equipment Layout Report §6 for the swing-mechanism specification.
Sheet 1 — Front Elevation (1:20): Panel Dimensions, Drum, Hinges, Latches (interior face)
Sheet 2 — Plan Cross-Section: Housed Revolving Door — Housing, Drum & Light-Tight Geometry
Sheet 3 — Drum Vertical Section Elevation (Section A-A): Walking-height orientation confirmation
Full drawings also appear in the Engineering Diagrams §12.
2. Requirements¶
| Requirement | Value |
|---|---|
| Clear passage diameter | ≥ 700mm (minimum comfortable single-person access) |
| Clear passage height | ≥ 1,900mm (full headroom) |
| Light exclusion | 100% — no straight-line optical path from exterior to interior |
| Durability | Repeated field deployment, transport vibration, outdoor exposure |
| Operability | Single operator, no tools required to enter/exit |
| Mounting | Flush-mounted into 120mm center zone of stepped panel — no permanent wall surround |
| Weatherproofing | Drum top and bottom sealed against rain ingress during setup |
3. Commercial Options Evaluated¶
Three categories of commercial product were reviewed against these requirements.
3.1 Vario / Octanorm Revolving Darkroom Door¶
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Typical product | Vario LT-800, Kaiser RD-800, Kindermann equivalents |
| Clear diameter | 800mm |
| Height | 2,000–2,200mm |
| Approximate price | USD $2,500–$3,500 (import from DE/NL; shipping +$400) |
| Lead time | 4–8 weeks |
Construction: Aluminum extrusion frame, ABS drum panels, felt drum seals, floor-mounted bearing with ceiling guide. Designed for permanent installation in a finished interior wall with a framed rectangular opening.
Assessment — Not recommended for TBS-001.
The Vario/Kaiser/Kindermann range is designed for permanent darkroom installation in climate-controlled interiors. Key issues for field use: - No weatherproofing. The top gap between drum and ceiling guide is sealed by felt strip only. In outdoor use (rain, dust, wind) this seal fails within one season. - Floor bearing. The base bearing is a stub pivot set into a floor-mount plate anchored to a finished floor. It cannot be adapted to a free-swinging 120mm panel with repeated installation/removal. - Transport. The drum (ABS/aluminum construction) is not rated for transport vibration. The bearing races and alignment tolerances assume static installation. - Frame dependency. The drum relies on its surrounding wall frame for structural rigidity. Removed from that frame, the drum has no self-contained structural integrity.
3.2 Porta-Fab Modular Darkroom Panel System¶
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Product | Porta-Fab DK series modular panels with revolving door unit |
| Clear diameter | 750–900mm (model-dependent) |
| Height | 2,000mm |
| Approximate price | USD $3,000–$4,500 (direct from supplier; custom spec required) |
| Lead time | 6–10 weeks |
Construction: Modular steel-framed panels with light-sealed joining extrusions. The revolving door unit is a self-contained drum on a floor bearing, designed to fit a standard panel-bay opening.
Assessment — Not recommended for TBS-001.
The Porta-Fab system is modular and more robust than the Vario range, but shares the same fundamental limitations: - Cost. At $3,000–$4,500 for the revolving unit alone, it represents the highest-cost option with no field-durability advantage over custom fabrication. - Panel integration. Porta-Fab drums are designed to fit a standard panel-bay frame (100mm depth). Our panel is 120mm thick — an adapter would be required, adding cost and leak risk. - Drum seals. Top and bottom felt seals, identical in design to the Vario range. Not suitable for outdoor conditions. - Bearing. Stub-shaft floor pivot identical to Vario — not suitable for a removable panel.
3.3 Custom Fabrication — Recommended¶
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Housing outer diameter | Ø900mm (fixed) + Ø864mm rotating drum, ~Ø850mm bore |
| Height | 2,250mm (floor to upper bearing) |
| Wall thickness | 5mm UV-HDPE housing + 1/8" HDPE drum, rolled and extrusion-welded |
| Surface finish | Black-pigmented sheet + flat-black touch-in at welds (interior); UV-stabilized sheet (exterior) — no primer |
| Baffles | None — two 80° housing openings 180° apart + single-opening C-shell drum (see §4, §5) |
| Top bearing | SKF 6215 sealed deep-groove ball bearing on 75mm steel stub shaft, bolted to the drum cap via a nylon-isolated hub |
| Bottom bearing | SKF 6215 sealed, stub shaft into floor-mount collar, panel-bolted |
| Drum seals (top/bottom) | Two-layer: closed-cell neoprene wiper + silicone bead — IP44 rated |
| Handle | Off-the-shelf 12″ round pull handle (McMaster 1871A65, Ø0.5″ bar), interior face only, at 900mm height |
| Finish | Interior: flat black RAL 9005; exterior drum face: gray oxide |
| Approximate cost | USD $2,945–$3,969 (local plastic fabrication shop) |
| Lead time | 2–3 weeks |
Assessment — Recommended.
Custom fabrication is the correct choice for a field-deployed, transport-rated camera system — every specification can be set to exactly what is required (clear bore, panel-thickness interface, bearing grade, seal type, drum height). The shell is a all-HDPE plastic skin: a 5mm UV-stabilized HDPE fixed housing and a 1/8" HDPE revolving drum. Three properties make plastic the right skin here:
- Weight / center of gravity. The plastic skin holds the drum/housing shell mass to ~60 kg (the steel shaft, bearings, and pull handle set a floor the shell cannot drop below). Because the whole assembly hangs off the swinging leaf and revolves ~56° about the pivot post for transport, low shell mass keeps the swing cantilever moment on the pivot — and the container CG shift — small.
- No galvanic couple. Plastic-to-steel has no galvanic couple, so isolation reduces to plain nylon washers at the shaft only — no full isolation kit, and no outdoor-corrosion risk at the panel-frame and bearing interfaces.
- Cost and fabrication. HDPE sheet is inexpensive, and hot-air / extrusion welding of a Ø900 cylinder is low-skill labor relative to metal seam welding.
A 3–5mm plastic cylinder, edge-stiffened along the opening, is rigid as a freestanding shell without a surrounding wall frame, and bolts into the panel opening on 8 × M10 flush bolts (stainless, nylon-isolated). UV-stabilized HDPE is inherently weatherproof and needs no primer or anodize; the drum is in the dry walk-through entry zone, not the chemistry zone, so only ambient/outdoor exposure applies. The trade-off is plastic's higher thermal expansion, accommodated by the 13mm running gap between drum and housing.
The SKF 6215 sealed bearing is rated for radial loads to 52.7 kN and operates at 0–120°C — far beyond any field requirement. The neoprene/silicone top seal provides IP44 protection against splash and rain ingress. Black-pigmented sheet with flat-black touch-in at the welds is optically dead at visible wavelengths.
4. Recommended Specification — Custom Housed Revolving Door¶
The light lock is a fixed housing + single-opening C-shell drum (no internal fins) — light-tight by geometry (see §5).
4.1 Housing + Drum Body¶
| Item | Specification |
|---|---|
| Fixed housing shell | 5mm UV-HDPE (LT_HOUSING_T), rolled to Ø900mm OD, extrusion-welded seam; laps a rolled rim-angle TEK-screwed to the integrated support frame — SS blind rivets + DP8010 (see §9 Sheet 9), set in the punch-out bay |
| Housing openings | Two, 80° arc each, 180° apart (full height) — one facing the exterior, one facing the interior/walkway |
| Rotating drum | 1/8" HDPE C-shell (LT_DRUM_T), Ø864mm OD (~Ø850mm bore), single 80° opening, edge-stiffened, rotates inside the housing on a ≈13mm running gap |
| Internal baffles | None — light-tightness is by the fixed-housing geometry (openings <90°, 180° apart; see §5) |
| Drum/housing height | 2,200mm |
| Top cap | 8mm 6061-T6 aluminum disc (LT_CAP_TOP_T), bolted stub-shaft hub (4×M10 flange); the HDPE shell laps + SS-rivets + DP8010 to a rolled rim-angle on the cap (see §9 Sheet 4) |
| Bottom cap | 8mm 6061-T6 aluminum disc (LT_CAP_BOT_T), matching the top — bolted stub-shaft hub, same lap-and-rivet shell joint |
| Stub shafts (×2) | 75mm Ø × 150mm steel, bolted to the aluminum cap hubs (nylon-isolated); carry the drum in the upper + lower SKF 6215 bearings |
| Surface treatment | Interior: black-pigmented sheet + flat-black at welds; exterior: UV-stabilized sheet (no primer) |
4.2 Bearings and Mounting¶
| Item | Specification |
|---|---|
| Bearings (×2) | SKF 6215-2RS1 (75mm ID, 130mm OD, 25mm wide, sealed, C3 clearance) |
| Upper bearing mount | Isolated aluminum top ring, 6×M10 into the integrated frame top beam |
| Lower bearing mount | Bolted steel floor collar, 8×M10 into the integrated frame bottom beam (no weld) |
| Axial retention | Circlip on stub shaft each side |
4.3 Seals¶
| Item | Specification |
|---|---|
| Top seal | 12mm closed-cell neoprene wiper strip bonded to top cap underside + silicone bead seal against the frame top plate |
| Bottom seal | 12mm closed-cell neoprene wiper strip bonded to bottom cap underside + silicone bead seal against the frame bottom plate |
| Drum-to-housing running gap | ≈13mm radial clearance, closed by 4 vertical #4 (3/16″) nylon strip brushes (Gordon Brush / Tanis — metal channel backing, 0.008″ black nylon, 0.687″/17.5mm trim), each snapped into an anodized-Al straight-flange holder (Tanis) whose offset flange is flange-riveted to the rotating drum OD at 93° spacing — the rivets land in the aluminum flange, clear of the brush (a 3/16″ channel is too small to rivet through); bristles lay over onto the fixed housing bore. One continuous 8 ft piece per line over the full drum height. Strip count set by the Sheet 7 light-path study (93° ≤ the 100° housing material arc, so a strip always seals each arc between the openings at every rotation) — see §9 Sheets 4 & 7 |
4.4 Hardware¶
| Item | Specification |
|---|---|
| Entry handle | Off-the-shelf 12″ (308mm) round pull handle (McMaster 1871A65, Ø0.5″ bar, 2.06″ standoff), interior face only, at 900mm height — bolted at both feet (1/4″ screws tapped into the RHS wall) to a steel stile that spans and bolts to the two Al caps. The stile is a 40×40×5 SS RHS (an open tube), so each end is fitted with a solid steel plug (cross-bolted through the tube walls, 2× M8) that gives the open section a bolting face; a single M12 tapped into the cap (blind, ~8mm engagement — no pierce, no light leak) clamps each plug up to its cap, so the pull load lands in the structural caps (not the thin HDPE wall) via handle → tube → plug → cap. No welds, and no fastener pierces the drum wall. Mount + plug detail on §9 Sheet 1 |
| Panel bolts | 8 × M10 countersunk flat-head bolts (lower collar) + 6 × M10 (upper ring), stainless — flush in the ring/collar underside, into the beam-wall rivet-nuts |
| Lap-joint fasteners | Shell→cap and housing→frame joints: rolled 25×25×3 6061-T6 Al rim-angle + 1/8" (Ø3.18mm) 18-8 SS blind rivets @ ~60mm (drill Ø3.3 / #30) + 3M DP8010 structural bond (light-tight lap). Shell→cap grip 6.2mm → McMaster 97525A425; housing→frame grip 8.0mm → McMaster 97525A435. DP8010 wets the mandrel hole for light-tightness. |
4.5 Raw Material Suppliers (US / SoCal)¶
| Item | Supplier | Part / Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 5mm UV-HDPE sheet (housing, ~7 m²) + 1/8" HDPE sheet (drum, ~7 m²) | TAP Plastics / Curbell Plastics (SoCal); or Online Metals plastics | Rolled + extrusion-welded cylinders |
| 8mm 6061-T6 aluminum plate (2 caps, Ø855) + 25×25×3 6061-T6 Al angle (2 rim rings) | Online Metals / Industrial Metal Supply (SoCal) | Water-jet the cap discs + hub bolt circle; roll the angle to R427 |
| 1/8" 18-8 SS blind rivets — 97525A425 (shell→cap, $13.83/100) + 97525A435 (housing→frame, $14.59/100) — + 3M Scotch-Weld DP8010 adhesive | McMaster-Carr; 3M DP8010 | ~35/cap + ~26/edge @ ~60mm pitch, drill Ø3.3 (#30); DP8010 is the structural bond + light seal for HDPE (low surface energy) |
| SKF 6215-2RS1 bearing (×2) | Bearing World — Anaheim CA; or Applied Industrial Technologies | 75mm ID, sealed, C3 clearance |
| 75mm × 150mm steel stub shaft (×2) | Pacific Coast Steel or any steel service center | 75mm Ø solid round bar, cut to length |
| Running-gap wiper — #4 (3/16″) nylon strip brush (4 lines × 8 ft) + anodized-Al straight-flange holders (4 × 8 ft) | Gordon Brush / Tanis | Metal channel backing, 0.008″ black nylon, 0.687″/17.5mm trim; brush snaps into the holder, holder flange-riveted to the drum OD (rivets clear of the brush); one 8 ft piece per line |
| Closed-cell neoprene strip 12mm (3m) | McMaster-Carr #93855K6 | Closed-cell, pressure-sensitive adhesive back |
| Silicone bead sealant | McMaster-Carr #7587A3 or equivalent | Black, UV-stable |
| Round pull handle — 12″ (×1) | McMaster-Carr 1871A65 ($6.43) | Off-the-shelf Ø0.5″ bar, 12.13″, 1/4″ through-hole feet; bolts to the stile (interior face only) |
| Matte-black interior finish | Black-pigmented sheet; rattle-can / local shop | Touch-in at welds |
| Plastic fabrication (rolling, hot-air / extrusion welding, fitting) | Local plastic shop | Estimate 16–22 hrs labor |
Total custom housing + drum estimate: $2,945–$3,969 — priced line-item BOM in the Project Cost Breakdown §6 and Hinged Panel Report §8.2.
5. Light Path Verification¶
The fixed-housing geometry eliminates any straight-line path from exterior to interior at every rotation angle, and the open bore fits a single operator.
Light-tightness. The housing has two openings, each 80° of arc and 180° apart; the drum has a single 80° opening. Because each opening is narrower than 90° and the two housing openings are 180° apart, the drum opening can never align with both housing openings simultaneously. So the housing's solid wall always covers whichever opening the drum opening is not facing — daylight entering the bore through the exterior opening is blocked by the drum's solid wall before reaching the interior opening. Enter: exterior open, interior covered → light into the bore, no exit. Transit: both housing openings covered → fully sealed. Exit: exterior covered → no daylight enters.
Access. The whole ~Ø850mm bore is clear standing space and the 80° opening gives a ~555mm passage (sideways entry). The Ø850 bore meets the §2 standing-space intent; the opening itself is tighter than the nominal ≥700mm and was accepted for occasional single-operator field use. Emergency egress remains the whole panel swinging open.
See Sheet 5 of the hinged-panel drawings (enter / transit / exit verification) and Hinged Panel Report §3.3 / §3.6.
6. Comparison Summary¶
| Vario LT-800 | Porta-Fab DK | Custom (recommended) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clear bore / passage | 800mm | 750–900mm | Ø850mm bore / ~555mm passage |
| Height | 2,000–2,200mm | 2,000mm | 2,200mm |
| Price (USD) | $2,500–$3,500 | $3,000–$4,500 | $2,945–$3,969 |
| Weatherproofing | None | None | IP44 (neoprene/silicone) |
| Panel integration | Requires surround wall | Requires panel-bay frame | Direct bolt-in (120mm panel) |
| Transport-rated | No | No | Yes (plastic skin, sealed bearings) |
| Lead time | 4–8 weeks | 6–10 weeks | 2–3 weeks |
| Field repairability | Low (ABS/extrusion parts) | Low | High (weldable plastic + off-shelf bearings) |
| Recommendation | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ |
Custom fabrication is comparable to or below commercial alternatives while providing superior weatherproofing, transport durability, and field repairability.
7. Integration Notes¶
- The drum is installed into the hinged panel before the panel is hung. The combined panel + drum weight (~196 kg; itemized breakdown in Hinged Panel Report §2.4–2.5 and Weight Distribution §3.2) is beyond a two-person lift, so hanging requires an engine crane or gantry hoist. The pivot post, bearings, and cage are separate transport hardware, not carried in the panel + drum lift.
- The lower bearing collar is bolted to the panel bottom rail with 8 × M10 stainless bolts. The upper bearing housing is bolted to the panel top rail with 6 × M10. Both connections can be disassembled with standard hex keys for maintenance.
- The drum rotates freely in both directions; there is no rotation limit. The exterior face carries no handle — the operator pushes the bare drum wall to enter. An interior pull handle (off-the-shelf 12″ round pull handle, McMaster 1871A65, bolted to a steel stile that is itself bolted between the two Al caps — the load lands in the caps, no fastener through the wall) at 900mm height allows the operator to pull the drum closed from inside and brace during exit. This eliminates any through-bolt penetration of the drum wall on the exterior face, removing a potential light leak path.
- Interior safelight (Circuit D, per Electrical Report) illuminates the drum interior during loading operations, allowing operators to orient themselves in darkness.
- Panel latches (×4 Southco C2-33 cam compression latches) are mounted on the interior face of the panel. This is a deliberate safety design: if the revolving drum jams and prevents normal egress, an operator inside the container can release all four latches independently from the inside and pull the panel inwards. The panel swings open about its left-edge pivot post, clearing the door opening. Latches appear as hidden (dashed) features in the exterior elevation drawing (Sheet 1).
- Stepped panel construction: The thick center zone houses the drum; the thinner corner zones sit flush with the container walls. Zone thicknesses, the step-transition positions, and the frame/skin build-up are specified in the Hinged Panel Report.
- Swing pivot: For transport the panel + drum revolve ~56° about a vertical CHS pivot post (the reused film-plane far-left upright) on a thrust collar and top/bottom hub bearings. The vertical axis is balanced at any angle, so there is no gravity torque; the swung position is locked by top and bottom wall stays. A fixed welded door frame provides the EPDM seal landing for the perimeter, cut, and lip seals, compressed by the cam latches when closed. Full specification: Equipment Layout Report §6.
- Transport mode conversion (single person, ~5 minutes, swing assisted): park + pin the drum → lift out the left walkway + door-end near-deck → strike the two left film rails (TL + BL) → release the cam latches → swing the frame ~56° inboard about the pivot → engage the top + bottom wall stays → close the container doors (they clear the swung frame by +59mm; the door-end walkway brackets are cleared in height, not struck). See Equipment Layout Report §6 for full specification.
8. Source References¶
- SKF 6215-2RS1 datasheet — Sealed deep-groove ball bearing specifications.
- Hinged Panel Report — Panel construction, pivot, latch, and swing-mechanism specification.
- Equipment Layout Report — Panel transport mode and swing clearance analysis.
- Electrical Report — Circuit D safelight specification for drum interior.
- 3M Scotch-Weld DP8010 datasheet — Structural acrylic adhesive for low-surface-energy plastics (HDPE), used for the shell-to-cap and housing-to-frame bonds.
9. Fabrication Blueprints¶
The following sheets are the fabrication source-of-record for the revolving
assembly. A plastics/metal shop builds the housing, drum, end caps, bearing hubs,
seals, and integrated support cage from them. Every dimension is driven from
tbs_constants.py — the sheets, not this narrative, carry the exact geometry, cut
positions, and fastener patterns.
The set is drawn to the current design: aluminum end caps on bolted stub-shaft hubs, a lap-and-fasten shell-to-cap joint (rolled rim-angle lip, stainless blind rivets, DP8010 bond), and a steel welded box cage integrated with the swing-panel weldment that carries the bearings and the fixed outer skin.
Sheet 1 — General Arrangement. Full vertical section on the drum axis: fixed housing, rotating C-shell drum, both SKF 6215 bearings, stub shafts, caps, pull handle, and the support-cage envelope, keyed to the assembly BOM.
Sheet 2 — Housing cylinder cut sheet. The fixed UV-HDPE outer skin as a flat pattern: developed length, height, weld-seam location, and the two 80° opening cutouts.
Sheet 3 — Drum shell — cut sheet. The HDPE C-shell as a true developed flat pattern (2,111 × 2,040 mm, single 80° opening) — the plastics shop's cutting/rolling template. The end caps are machined metal parts and are drawn on Sheet 6.
Sheet 4 — Drum — Secure. The shell-to-cap lap-and-fasten joint: the rolled rim-angle lip, the 1/8" stainless blind-rivet pattern, and the DP8010 structural bond that closes the joint against light.
Sheet 5 — Bearing hub & stub-shaft (assembly). How the parts stack: the SKF 6215 seat, the stub-shaft capture in the cap, and circlip axial retention, top and bottom. The individual machined parts are drawn on Sheet 6; the end cap on Sheet 3.
Sheet 6 — Machined components (end cap + bearing seats + stub-shaft). Single-part blueprints for the machined metal parts: the Ø855 6061-T6 Al end cap, the upper Al bearing ring, the lower A36 steel floor collar, and the stub-shaft + flange — each with OD, bore + fit, thickness, bolt pattern (PCD/count/Ø), material, and the fastening scheme (cap→flange tapped on the Ø120 PCD; ring/collar→beam via M10 countersunk flat-head bolts — flush in the ring/collar underside — into rivet-nuts / blind threaded inserts set in the 3mm RHS beam wall — too thin to tap, no internal access; Al nylon-isolated).
Sheet 7 — Seals & light-path verification. The running-gap wiper (4 drum-mounted
4 strip brushes in Al flange holders — see the Sheet 4 holder-profile inset for the¶
flange-riveted mount) and top/bottom seals, and the three-position proof (open-to-exterior, open-to-interior, mid-rotation) that no straight-through light path exists at any rotation. The plans also carry the strip-count study — the 93°-spaced strips keep at least one wiper in each 100° housing material arc at every rotation, so the annular gap can never carry light between the openings circumferentially. A top-end light-path detail closes the other axis: the running gap is capped at its axial top/bottom by the rotating-cap ↔ fixed-frame neoprene wiper seal + silicone bead, so a ray travelling up the gap is stopped at the seal and cannot bypass the brushes over the top/bottom. The brushes seal the gap circumferentially; the neoprene seals it axially.
Sheet 8 — Support frame general arrangement. The integrated steel welded box cage that carries the bearing loads and the fixed housing, in plan and elevation, with the axle-support beam at the drum axis and the members dimensioned.
Sheet 9 — Housing → frame attachment. The section showing the fixed outer skin lapped and riveted to the rolled rim-angle TEK-screwed on the top and bottom frame beams, with Detail B showing each free opening edge capped by a bonded aluminum U-channel (the stiffener that replaces the jamb posts) — the drum rotating free inside.
Sheet 10 — Combined top-end assembly. A single half-section at the top end showing both lap joints nested concentrically: the rotating drum shell→cap joint (Sheet 4) and the fixed housing→frame joint (Sheet 9), with the upper bearing and the felt-sealed running gap between them — how the rotating and fixed halves coexist at one level.
Sheet 11 — Pull-Handle Mount (to scale): stile → cap plug joint (View A, 3:1) + handle arrangement (View B, 1:2). How the interior pull handle mounts without piercing the drum wall: the stile is a 40×40×5 SS RHS whose open ends are closed by solid steel plugs (cross-bolted 2× M8), each clamped up to its 8mm Al cap by a single M12 tapped into the cap — so the pull load lands in the structural caps, not the HDPE wall. The off-the-shelf McMaster 1871A65 pull handle bolts to the stile at its two feet. No welds.
